Recommended reading

Many organisations publish high-quality research on the social business and enterprise sector, the companies within it and the trends that affect it.

We have gathered a lot of these reports into one place to make it easier to get an overview of what's going on.

If we're missing something really good, let us know.

All documents are availble in PDF format and are provided by external websites.

Base of the pyramid

The Base of the Pyramid refers to the segment of the global population who live under the poverty threshold. They are traditionally seen as "unbankable" and their marketing potential has, in general, been overlooked.

	The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid By Allen L. Hammond, William J. Kramer, Robert S. Katz, Julia T. Tran, Courtland Walker \| March 2007 \| Publisher: World Resources Institute - International Finance Corporation (IFC) This report, published by the World Resources Institute in conjunction with the International Finance Corporation (IFC), aims to measure the market opportunity at the base of the pyramid.
	The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid By C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hard \| January 2005 \| Publisher: Wharton School Publishing Paperbacks Provides a background on the BOP consumers and a historical view of how companies are tailoring products and services directed to the inherent and perceived needs of the BOP consumers. Systemically lays out how a company goes about targeting this tier of consumers.
	The Base of the Pyramid By Nicole Boyer \| May 2003 \| Publisher: GBN Global Business Network Describe experiements performed in order to gauge the BOP market. Outlines social and grassroots entrepreneurship. Briefly forecasts the future of BOP consumers and how the BOP market structure will evolve.
	Microfranchising at the Base of the Pyramid By David Lehr \| August 2008 \| Publisher: Acumen Fund David Lehr’s paper provides an in-depth analysis of microfranchising as a development tool. The paper highlights three leading microfranchising organizations that partner with Acumen Fund: Drishtee, Vision Spring (formerly Scojo Foundation) and Sustainable Healthcare Foundation. It’s one of a series of written articles that Acumen Fund has produced about the ways market-based approaches are changing the way we think about poverty alleviation.
	my sub section By my sub section \| February 2010 \| Publisher: my sub section my sub section

Carbon trading

Carbon trading refers to the buying and selling of carbon dioxide emissions allowances through a scheme, such as the European Emissions Trading Scheme. The concept is based upon the 'cap and trade' principle: an external authority sets a limit for emissions, issuing companies or other entities with allowances. Bodies which exceed their limit buy "credits" from those who have credits to spare.

The political economy of carbon trading

By Donald MacKenzie | April 2007 | Publisher: London Review of Books

Donald Mackenzie explains the history and the logic of carbon emissions trading.

This article was published in the London Review of Books.

EU Action Against the Climate Change

By unknown | September 2005 | Publisher: European Commission

Describes the implementation of EU’s carbon trading system. Presents the structure for the national allocation of carbon emissions, the trading system, and how it will be monitored. Discusses the future of carbon trading in the EU and abroad.

Appraisal of the UK’s Carbon Trading Program

By unknown | December 2006 | Publisher: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)

An in depth review of UK’s voluntary carbon trading program from inception (2002 to 2006). Analysis provides input on the effectiveness of the program, suggested future amendments, and several key issues concerning the trading program and the overall implementation of the system on a larger scale.

Cleantech and the environment

Products or services that improve operational performance, productivity, or efficiency while reducing inputs, energy consumption, waste, or pollution.

Clean Technologies include: Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Wave, and Wind Power.

	Clean Capital: Financing clean technology firms in the UK By Alice Chapple, Ved Walia and Barbara Evans \| September 2006 \| Publisher: Forum for the Future Forum for the Future analyses the current state of the UK's clean technology sector and how to facilitate its growth.
	Bioplastic vs Conventional plastic By unknown \| November 2006 \| Publisher: Athena Institute International The principal goal of this study is to evaluate the energy and emissions associated with the production and disposal of various products made from PLA resin (bioplastic) and petroleum based plastic resins in order to develop a better understanding of the key factors affecting their environmental profiles. This study was conducted for Athena Institute International by Franklin Associates, a Division of ERG, as an independent contractor.
	Biomass By Stephen Karekezi, Kusum Lata Tata and Suani Teixeira Coelho \| January 2004 \| Publisher: International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn Living and recently dead biological material used as a fuel and an input resource in industrial production. Made up of biodiesel, biofuel, and biogas.
	Geothermal Power By unknown \| March 2007 \| Publisher: Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Energy generated from heat stored in the earth.
	Hydropower By unknown \| September 2008 \| Publisher: The Need Project Power derived from moving water.
	Solar Power By unknown \| January 2003 \| Publisher: Viridian Concepts Conversion of the sun’s energy into electricity.
	Wave Power By Annette von Jouanne \| March 2005 \| Publisher: EnergyBiz Magazine Energy captured from the oceans' surface waves.
	Wind Power By unknown \| May 2005 \| Publisher: Sustainable Development Commission Transfer of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity.

Ethical consumerism

Ethical consumerism is a movement that can be thought of as the practice of buying goods and services that explicitly aim to minimise social and/or ecological damage. Ethical consumers are a diverse group; but they are broadly linked by a will to avoid products that negatively impact societies and/or environment.

	Ethical Consumerism Report 2007 By unknown \| November 2007 \| Publisher: The Co-operative Bank Released by the Co-op in 2007, this summary gives the key statistics for the ethical consumerism space in the UK in 2005 and 2006.
	Ethical Consumerism Report 2006 By unknown \| November 2006 \| Publisher: The Co-operative Bank Released by the Cooperative bank in 2006, this summary gives the key statistics for the ethical consumerism space in the UK in 2004 and 2005.
	The Validity of Food Miles as an Indicator of Sustainable Development By Alison Smith, Paul Watkiss, Geoff Tweddle, Prof. Alan McKinnon, Prof. Mike Browne, Alistair Hunt, Colin Treleven, Prof. Chris Nash and Sam Cross \| July 2005 \| Publisher: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) A comprehensive review, published for DEFRA in 2005, of the complex relationship between food miles and sustainability. It explores the extent to which food miles are an indicator of sustainable development and the ways in which the environmental and social impact of food miles can be measured.
	Ethical Consumerism Report 2008 By unknown \| November 2008 \| Publisher: The Co-operative Bank Released by the Co-op in 2008, this summary gives the key statistics for the ethical consumerism space in the UK in 2006 and 2007.

Health

In 1948 the World Health Organisation defined Health as 'a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.' Health represents much more than the avoidance of illness: it is wellbeing. The concept encompasses mental health, nutrition, exercise, hygience, health care, and the social and personal resources of individuals.

Pharmafutures

By unknown | December 2004 | Publisher: Pharma Futures

This report is a pension fund led consultation between the industry and its investors. The project addresses the environment into which the drugs in the early levels of development today will be launched. It examines the social consequences of drug developments and commercialisations and how to generate shareholder and societal value.

Beyond Philanthropy: the pharmaceutical industry

By Ken Bluestone, Annie Heaton and Christopher Lewis | January 2002 | Publisher: Oxfam/Save the Children/VSO

Pharmaceutical companies’ social responsibility is gauged based on five criteria: pricing, patents, joint public private ventures, research and development, and use of drugs. Provides benchmarks for companies and policy makers to properly review the pharmaceutical companies.

Microfinance

Microfinance is the provision of financial services to the base of the pyramid, the poor, who are deemed 'unbankable'. The principal products include mini loans, savings, and insurance.

	Initial Perspectives on Strategic and Emerging Banking Issues in Key African Markets By Dr. Brian Metcalfe \| February 2007 \| Publisher: PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) Published by PWC, this report examines key strategic opportunities and challenges in the development of major African banking markets.
	Microfinance: Building domestic markets in developing countries By Robert Annibale \| January 2006 \| Publisher: Insights Roger Annibale examines the potential of microfinance for emerging markets.
	Financing Microfinance By Tor Jansson \| November 2003 \| Publisher: Inter-American Development Bank Tor Jansson Inter-American Development Bank develops recommendations for the funding of microfinance institutions.
	The Hidden Wealth of the Poor By unknown \| November 2004 \| Publisher: The Economist The Economist investigates the potential power of the 'unbanked' poor and how to unlock it through microfinance.
	State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2007 By Sam Daley-Harris \| January 2007 \| Publisher: Microcredit Summit Campaign Sam Daley-Harris appraises the structure and size of the microfinance industry and the opportunities going forward.
	Blended Value Investing: Capital Opportunities for Social and Environmental Impact By Jed Emerson and Josh Spitzer \| March 2006 \| Publisher: World Economic Forum The World Economic Forum produced a paper on Blended Value Investment (BVI). The BVI investment philosophy sees financial, social and environmental outcomes as three constituents of value, indivisible and mutually reinforcing. Blended Value Investments are thus measured according to their social, environmental and economic impacts.
	Reimagining Microfinance By Alex Counts \| August 2008 \| Publisher: Stanford Social Innovation Review A report written by Alex Counts, president and CEO of the Grameen Foundation for the Stanford Social Innovation Review. The report, published in Summer 2008, explores how microfinance can have social impact and still make a profit.
	Emerging Markets, Emerging Models: Market-Based Solutions to the Challenges of Global Poverty By Ashish Karamchandani, Michael Kubzansky and Paul Frandano \| March 2009 \| Publisher: Monitor Group “Emerging Markets, Emerging Models,” from Monitor Group is a first-of-its-kind report analyzing the actual behaviors, economics, and business models of successful “market-based solutions”--financially-sustainable enterprises that address challenges of global poverty. Compiled in an effort to use fact-based research to move beyond stereotypes, anecdotes, and common assumptions about the potential of market-based solutions, Monitor’s findings highlight actual data from global working models.

Social business and enterprise

The social business sector has, like many a new industry, been plagued by long and unproductive debates on the meaning of various terms, including social business and social enterprise. While succinct definitions of these two terms remain elusive, a number of academic papers have been published on the nature of social business and entrepreneurship.

	Social Entrepreneurship: Creating New Business Models to Serve the Poor By Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair \| May 2005 \| Publisher: Harvard Business Publishing This report, an IESE Research Paper written by Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair, discusses the fast growing number of organizations that have "created models for efficiently catering to basic human needs that existing markets and institutions have failed to satisfy". The paper uses Grameen Bank and Sekem, among others, as examples. Published by Harvard Business Online, readers must pay $6.95 to download a copy.
	Social Enterprise: Private Initiatives for the Common Good By J. Gregory Dees \| November 1994 \| Publisher: Harvard Business Publishing An overview of social entrepreneurship and enterprise. including a comparison between the operations and objectives of social purpose organisations with those of mainstream business. The report was written by J. Gregory Dees in 1994 and can be downloaded from the Harvard Business Online website for US$6.95.
	Social Enterprise Spectrum: Philanthropy to Commerce By J. Gregory Dees \| April 1996 \| Publisher: Harvard Business Publishing Written by J. Gregory Dees and published in 1996, this paper describes the spectrum of social enterprise. ranging from non-profit organisations to for-profit commercial enterprises. It can be downloaded from the Harvard Business Online Website for US$6.95.
	Investing for Social and Environmental Impact By Jessica Freireich and Katherine Fulton \| January 2009 \| Publisher: Monitor Institute Report examining impact investing and how leaders can accelerate the industry's evolution and increase its ultimate impact in the world. Explores how impact investing has emerged and how it might evolve, including profiles of a wide range of impact investors.
	Report on the importance of SMSEs in developing countries By Gus Poston \| May 2009 \| Publisher: www.newthinking.org.uk Independent consultant Gus Poston explains why social investors should consider investments in small and medium social enterprises (SMSE's) working in the social sector in developing countries.
	The Phoenix Economy: 50 Pioneers in the Business of Social Innovation By John Elkington, Alejandro Litovsky and Charmian Love \| March 2009 \| Publisher: Volans Ventures Ltd The Phoenix Economy, a report published by Volans Venture Ltd, explores the new markets, technologies and business models that are emerging from the ashes of the old economic order. Furthermore, it highlights 50 organizations that pioneer in the business of social innovation.
	Social Enterprise for Public Service: how does the third sector deliver? By Smith Institute, Unity Bank, Futurebuilders, PWC \| August 2009 \| Publisher: Smith Institute Social enterprises are growing in significance, employing 650,000 people and contributing £8.4 billion per year to the UK economy. Much of the sector’s income now comes from the state to deliver public services. Social enterprises can offer a different approach and ethos, between the profit driven private sector and the one-size-fits-all public sector. However, the sector is still small and faces capacity and capability constraints. This collection of essays highlights the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

Social Capital Markets

This term refers to the tendency to treat social or charitable investments as resources that should deliver positive, verifiable and quantifiable outcomes. Charities, social enterprises, and social businesses can raise money from institutional and other investors who will measure the results of their investments.

	Nothing Ventured, Nothing Gained By Jed Emerson, Tim Freundlich, Jim Fruchterman, Loren Berlin and Keely Stevenson \| April 2005 \| Publisher: Oxford Said Business School This report, written by Jed Emerson, Tim Freundlich and Jim Fruchterman, explores the current 'capital gap' that exists for social enterprise and the ways in which to address it.
	Equity like capital for social investors By Laura Howard \| September 2004 \| Publisher: Bridges Ventures Bridges Ventures published this report in 2004, exploring the alternatives to the traditional means by which social enterprises raise money. There are options other than loans and grants.
	Creating an ethical stock exchange By Jamie Hartzell \| August 2007 \| Publisher: Oxford Said Business School This report was written by Jamie Hartzell (CEO of The Ethical Property Company) for the Said Business School. It sets out how an ethical stock exchange would evolve and operate.
	Measuring Real Value: A DIY Guide to Social Investment By Jeremy Nicholls, Susan Mackenzie and Ailbeth Somers \| May 2008 \| Publisher: The New Economics Foundation (NEF) The New Economics Foundation (NEF) explains the concept of a 'social return on investment' and how to measure it.
	The social investment bank- its organisation and role in driving development of the third sector By test \| March 2009 \| Publisher: tyest This report clarifies the activities of the social investment bank in driving the development of the third sector.
	The Social Investment Market By unknown \| March 2008 \| Publisher: Social Finance Ltd This report was published by Social Finance Ltd in March 2008. It is the first in a series of papers exploring financial barriers and opportunities in social markets in the UK. Here, the writers discuss the different players in the social investment market, categorising them either as providers of investment, financial intermediaries or third sector organisations seeking capital.
	Consultation on the risk capital investment fund for social enterprise By unknown \| August 2007 \| Publisher: Cabinet Office A consultation paper on the working of a new £10 million risk capital investment fund for social enterprises, published by the Cabinet Office in August 2007.

The social economy

Visions of an alternative economy.

Natural capitalism: The next industrial revolution

By Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins, L. Hunter Lovins | July 1999 | Publisher: Earthscan Publications Ltd

In this book, the authors argue for the development of a new type of economy that takes the earth's limited resources into account, and human capital. This is positioned relative to industrial capitalism which focuses on the value of money and goods as capital.

Venture philanthropy

Venture philanthropy absorbs concepts and methods from venture or risk capital finance and business - such as a focus on verifiable results - to facilitate the achievement of philanthropic objectives.

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	The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid By Allen L. Hammond, William J. Kramer, Robert S. Katz, Julia T. Tran, Courtland Walker \| March 2007 \| Publisher: World Resources Institute - International Finance Corporation (IFC) This report, published by the World Resources Institute in conjunction with the International Finance Corporation (IFC), aims to measure the market opportunity at the base of the pyramid.
	The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid By C.K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hard \| January 2005 \| Publisher: Wharton School Publishing Paperbacks Provides a background on the BOP consumers and a historical view of how companies are tailoring products and services directed to the inherent and perceived needs of the BOP consumers. Systemically lays out how a company goes about targeting this tier of consumers.
	The Base of the Pyramid By Nicole Boyer \| May 2003 \| Publisher: GBN Global Business Network Describe experiements performed in order to gauge the BOP market. Outlines social and grassroots entrepreneurship. Briefly forecasts the future of BOP consumers and how the BOP market structure will evolve.
	Microfranchising at the Base of the Pyramid By David Lehr \| August 2008 \| Publisher: Acumen Fund David Lehr’s paper provides an in-depth analysis of microfranchising as a development tool. The paper highlights three leading microfranchising organizations that partner with Acumen Fund: Drishtee, Vision Spring (formerly Scojo Foundation) and Sustainable Healthcare Foundation. It’s one of a series of written articles that Acumen Fund has produced about the ways market-based approaches are changing the way we think about poverty alleviation.
	my sub section By my sub section \| February 2010 \| Publisher: my sub section my sub section

	Clean Capital: Financing clean technology firms in the UK By Alice Chapple, Ved Walia and Barbara Evans \| September 2006 \| Publisher: Forum for the Future Forum for the Future analyses the current state of the UK's clean technology sector and how to facilitate its growth.
	Bioplastic vs Conventional plastic By unknown \| November 2006 \| Publisher: Athena Institute International The principal goal of this study is to evaluate the energy and emissions associated with the production and disposal of various products made from PLA resin (bioplastic) and petroleum based plastic resins in order to develop a better understanding of the key factors affecting their environmental profiles. This study was conducted for Athena Institute International by Franklin Associates, a Division of ERG, as an independent contractor.
	Biomass By Stephen Karekezi, Kusum Lata Tata and Suani Teixeira Coelho \| January 2004 \| Publisher: International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn Living and recently dead biological material used as a fuel and an input resource in industrial production. Made up of biodiesel, biofuel, and biogas.
	Geothermal Power By unknown \| March 2007 \| Publisher: Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Energy generated from heat stored in the earth.
	Hydropower By unknown \| September 2008 \| Publisher: The Need Project Power derived from moving water.
	Solar Power By unknown \| January 2003 \| Publisher: Viridian Concepts Conversion of the sun’s energy into electricity.
	Wave Power By Annette von Jouanne \| March 2005 \| Publisher: EnergyBiz Magazine Energy captured from the oceans' surface waves.
	Wind Power By unknown \| May 2005 \| Publisher: Sustainable Development Commission Transfer of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity.

	Ethical Consumerism Report 2007 By unknown \| November 2007 \| Publisher: The Co-operative Bank Released by the Co-op in 2007, this summary gives the key statistics for the ethical consumerism space in the UK in 2005 and 2006.
	Ethical Consumerism Report 2006 By unknown \| November 2006 \| Publisher: The Co-operative Bank Released by the Cooperative bank in 2006, this summary gives the key statistics for the ethical consumerism space in the UK in 2004 and 2005.
	The Validity of Food Miles as an Indicator of Sustainable Development By Alison Smith, Paul Watkiss, Geoff Tweddle, Prof. Alan McKinnon, Prof. Mike Browne, Alistair Hunt, Colin Treleven, Prof. Chris Nash and Sam Cross \| July 2005 \| Publisher: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) A comprehensive review, published for DEFRA in 2005, of the complex relationship between food miles and sustainability. It explores the extent to which food miles are an indicator of sustainable development and the ways in which the environmental and social impact of food miles can be measured.
	Ethical Consumerism Report 2008 By unknown \| November 2008 \| Publisher: The Co-operative Bank Released by the Co-op in 2008, this summary gives the key statistics for the ethical consumerism space in the UK in 2006 and 2007.

	Initial Perspectives on Strategic and Emerging Banking Issues in Key African Markets By Dr. Brian Metcalfe \| February 2007 \| Publisher: PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) Published by PWC, this report examines key strategic opportunities and challenges in the development of major African banking markets.
	Microfinance: Building domestic markets in developing countries By Robert Annibale \| January 2006 \| Publisher: Insights Roger Annibale examines the potential of microfinance for emerging markets.
	Financing Microfinance By Tor Jansson \| November 2003 \| Publisher: Inter-American Development Bank Tor Jansson Inter-American Development Bank develops recommendations for the funding of microfinance institutions.
	The Hidden Wealth of the Poor By unknown \| November 2004 \| Publisher: The Economist The Economist investigates the potential power of the 'unbanked' poor and how to unlock it through microfinance.
	State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2007 By Sam Daley-Harris \| January 2007 \| Publisher: Microcredit Summit Campaign Sam Daley-Harris appraises the structure and size of the microfinance industry and the opportunities going forward.
	Blended Value Investing: Capital Opportunities for Social and Environmental Impact By Jed Emerson and Josh Spitzer \| March 2006 \| Publisher: World Economic Forum The World Economic Forum produced a paper on Blended Value Investment (BVI). The BVI investment philosophy sees financial, social and environmental outcomes as three constituents of value, indivisible and mutually reinforcing. Blended Value Investments are thus measured according to their social, environmental and economic impacts.
	Reimagining Microfinance By Alex Counts \| August 2008 \| Publisher: Stanford Social Innovation Review A report written by Alex Counts, president and CEO of the Grameen Foundation for the Stanford Social Innovation Review. The report, published in Summer 2008, explores how microfinance can have social impact and still make a profit.
	Emerging Markets, Emerging Models: Market-Based Solutions to the Challenges of Global Poverty By Ashish Karamchandani, Michael Kubzansky and Paul Frandano \| March 2009 \| Publisher: Monitor Group “Emerging Markets, Emerging Models,” from Monitor Group is a first-of-its-kind report analyzing the actual behaviors, economics, and business models of successful “market-based solutions”--financially-sustainable enterprises that address challenges of global poverty. Compiled in an effort to use fact-based research to move beyond stereotypes, anecdotes, and common assumptions about the potential of market-based solutions, Monitor’s findings highlight actual data from global working models.

	Social Entrepreneurship: Creating New Business Models to Serve the Poor By Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair \| May 2005 \| Publisher: Harvard Business Publishing This report, an IESE Research Paper written by Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair, discusses the fast growing number of organizations that have "created models for efficiently catering to basic human needs that existing markets and institutions have failed to satisfy". The paper uses Grameen Bank and Sekem, among others, as examples. Published by Harvard Business Online, readers must pay $6.95 to download a copy.
	Social Enterprise: Private Initiatives for the Common Good By J. Gregory Dees \| November 1994 \| Publisher: Harvard Business Publishing An overview of social entrepreneurship and enterprise. including a comparison between the operations and objectives of social purpose organisations with those of mainstream business. The report was written by J. Gregory Dees in 1994 and can be downloaded from the Harvard Business Online website for US$6.95.
	Social Enterprise Spectrum: Philanthropy to Commerce By J. Gregory Dees \| April 1996 \| Publisher: Harvard Business Publishing Written by J. Gregory Dees and published in 1996, this paper describes the spectrum of social enterprise. ranging from non-profit organisations to for-profit commercial enterprises. It can be downloaded from the Harvard Business Online Website for US$6.95.
	Investing for Social and Environmental Impact By Jessica Freireich and Katherine Fulton \| January 2009 \| Publisher: Monitor Institute Report examining impact investing and how leaders can accelerate the industry's evolution and increase its ultimate impact in the world. Explores how impact investing has emerged and how it might evolve, including profiles of a wide range of impact investors.
	Report on the importance of SMSEs in developing countries By Gus Poston \| May 2009 \| Publisher: www.newthinking.org.uk Independent consultant Gus Poston explains why social investors should consider investments in small and medium social enterprises (SMSE's) working in the social sector in developing countries.
	The Phoenix Economy: 50 Pioneers in the Business of Social Innovation By John Elkington, Alejandro Litovsky and Charmian Love \| March 2009 \| Publisher: Volans Ventures Ltd The Phoenix Economy, a report published by Volans Venture Ltd, explores the new markets, technologies and business models that are emerging from the ashes of the old economic order. Furthermore, it highlights 50 organizations that pioneer in the business of social innovation.
	Social Enterprise for Public Service: how does the third sector deliver? By Smith Institute, Unity Bank, Futurebuilders, PWC \| August 2009 \| Publisher: Smith Institute Social enterprises are growing in significance, employing 650,000 people and contributing £8.4 billion per year to the UK economy. Much of the sector’s income now comes from the state to deliver public services. Social enterprises can offer a different approach and ethos, between the profit driven private sector and the one-size-fits-all public sector. However, the sector is still small and faces capacity and capability constraints. This collection of essays highlights the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.